Pharaoh.SEPHARAOH.SE

Narmer

The first pharaoh of the First Dynasty
Also known as: Menes
In the New Kingdom king lists, the first king of Egypt is named Meni, who is regarded as the first pharaoh of the unified Kingdom of Egypt. The Greek equivalent is Min, as stated by Herodotus, while Manetho, via Africanus and Eusebius, calls him Menes. However, there is no contemporary archaeological evidence containing the cartouche name of Menes, as cartouches did not begin to be used until the time of the Old Kingdom.
It seems that the practice of placing the nebty names into cartouches was undertaken by scribes due being unable to recognise or locate the corresponding names from the ancient sources. Fittingly, Meni means : He who endures.

The contemporary Horus name of the first king, Narmer, is well attested. It is firmly established that he indeed was the first ruler of the kingdom. The early kings were only known by their Horus name, and there is no evidence that Narmer used any other.

Titulary & Hieroglyphs

nar-mr
Narmer
nꜤr-mr
"Fierce catfish of Horus"
Narmer Palette (JE32169)
Petrie, Royal Tombs, II, plate II (3)
Beckerath, “Handbuch”:36-37, x+4:H1
nar-mr-TAj
Narmer Tjaj
nꜤr-mr-ṯꜢꞽ
"Manly catfish of Horus"
Petrie, Tarkhan, I, plate II (2)
Beckerath, “Handbuch”:36-37, x+4:H4
nar
Nar
nꜤr
"Catfish of Horus"
MDAIK, 38, fig. 14-15, #40
Petrie, Royal Tombs, II, plate XIII (91,92)
Beckerath, “Handbuch”:36-37, x+4:H3
mn
Men
mn
Ivory label with king Aha attending a funerary ritual for the deceased Menes
Cairo Museum JE 31773 (CG 14142)
Garstang, (1905). “The tablet of Mena” in ZÄS 42, 61-64
Edwards, Cambridge Ancient History, 11
mnj
Meni
mnꞽ
"He who endures"
Mariette, Abydos, I, plate 43 (1)
Abydos Canon1·Beckerath, “Handbuch”:38-39, 1:E1
mnj
Meni
mnꞽ
"He who endures"
Turin King List3.10
mnj
Meni
mnꞽ
"He who endures"
Turin King List3.11·Beckerath, “Handbuch”:38-39, 1:E2
mny
Meni
mny
"He who endures"
Epigraphic Survey, Medinet Habu, Vol IV, plate 213
Lepsius, “Denkmäler aus Ägypten und Äthiopien”:III, 163

Sources of antiquity

Author Greek Transcription Reign
Africanus  i, 1 Μηνης Minis 62 years
Eusebius  i, 1 Μηνης Menes 30 years
Herodotus  99.2 Μινα Mina
Diodorus  1.45.1/3 Μηναν / Μηνα Menan / Mena
Eratosthenes  1 Μηνης Menes 62 years

References